Legendren symboli
Legendren symboli on lukuteoriassa symboli , joka kertoo, onko luku neliöjäännös modulo . Toisin sanoen se ilmoittaa, onko olemassa sellainen kokonaisluku b, että
eli b2:stä jää p:llä jaettaessa sama jakojäännös kuin a:stä.
Symbolin otti ensimmäisen kerran käyttöön Adrien-Marie Legendre vuonna 1798 yrittäessään todistaa neliönjäännöslausetta.[1][2]
Määritelmä: Olkoon pariton alkuluku ja kokonaisuluku
Symbolia voidaan merkitä sekä muodossa että .[3]
Esimerkiksi , koska esimerkiksi 42 = 16 on kongruentti 1:n kanssa modulo 5 eli sen jakojäännös 5:llä jaettaessa on 1. Sen sijaan , koska minkään kokonaisluvun neliö ei ole kongruentti 3:n kanssa modulo 5.
Jos alkuluku p on valittu, Legendren symboli käsitettynä a:n funktioksi on jaksollinen, jaksona p. Arvon 0 symboli saa, kun a on tasan jaollinen p:llä.
Eulerin kriteerin mukaan eli ja ovat kongruentteja modulo . [4]
Jacobin symboli on yleistys Legendren symbolista. Se ottaa huomioon myös ne tapaukset joissa alempi luku ei ole alkuluku.[2]
Taulukko symbolin arvoista
Seuraava taulukko osoittaa Legendren symbolin arvot kaikilla kokonaisluvuilla a väliltä 1 … 30 ja alkuluvuilla p, jotka ovat pienempiä kuin 128.
a p
|
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2 | Malline:01 | 0 | Malline:01 | 0 | Malline:01 | 0 | Malline:01 | 0 | Malline:01 | 0 | Malline:01 | 0 | Malline:01 | 0 | Malline:01 | 0 | Malline:01 | 0 | Malline:01 | 0 | Malline:01 | 0 | Malline:01 | 0 | Malline:01 | 0 | Malline:01 | 0 | Malline:01 | 0 |
| 3 | Malline:01 | −1 | 0 | Malline:01 | −1 | 0 | 1 | −1 | Malline:00 | 1 | −1 | 0 | 1 | −1 | 0 | Malline:01 | −1 | 0 | 1 | −1 | 0 | 1 | −1 | 0 | Malline:01 | −1 | 0 | 1 | −1 | 0 |
| 5 | 1 | −1 | −1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | −1 | −1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | −1 | −1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | −1 | −1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | −1 | −1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | −1 | −1 | 1 | 0 |
| 7 | 1 | 1 | −1 | 1 | −1 | −1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | −1 | 1 | −1 | −1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | −1 | 1 | −1 | −1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | −1 | 1 | −1 | −1 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| 11 | 1 | −1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | −1 | −1 | −1 | 1 | −1 | 0 | 1 | −1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | −1 | −1 | −1 | 1 | −1 | 0 | 1 | −1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | −1 | −1 | −1 |
| 13 | 1 | −1 | 1 | 1 | −1 | −1 | −1 | −1 | 1 | 1 | −1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | −1 | 1 | 1 | −1 | −1 | −1 | −1 | 1 | 1 | −1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | −1 | 1 | 1 |
| 17 | 1 | 1 | −1 | 1 | −1 | −1 | −1 | 1 | 1 | −1 | −1 | −1 | 1 | −1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | −1 | 1 | −1 | −1 | −1 | 1 | 1 | −1 | −1 | −1 | 1 |
| 19 | 1 | −1 | −1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | −1 | 1 | −1 | 1 | −1 | −1 | −1 | −1 | 1 | 1 | −1 | 0 | 1 | −1 | −1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | −1 | 1 | −1 | 1 |
| 23 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | −1 | 1 | −1 | 1 | 1 | −1 | −1 | 1 | 1 | −1 | −1 | 1 | −1 | 1 | −1 | −1 | −1 | −1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | −1 | 1 | −1 |
| 29 | 1 | −1 | −1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | −1 | 1 | −1 | −1 | −1 | 1 | −1 | −1 | 1 | −1 | −1 | −1 | 1 | −1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | −1 | −1 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 31 | 1 | 1 | −1 | 1 | 1 | −1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | −1 | −1 | −1 | 1 | −1 | 1 | −1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | −1 | −1 | −1 | −1 | 1 | −1 | −1 | 1 | −1 | −1 |
| 37 | 1 | −1 | 1 | 1 | −1 | −1 | 1 | −1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | −1 | −1 | −1 | 1 | −1 | −1 | −1 | −1 | 1 | −1 | −1 | −1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | −1 | 1 |
| 41 | 1 | 1 | −1 | 1 | 1 | −1 | −1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | −1 | −1 | −1 | −1 | −1 | 1 | −1 | 1 | −1 | 1 | 1 | −1 | 1 | −1 | 1 | −1 | −1 | −1 | −1 | −1 |
| 43 | 1 | −1 | −1 | 1 | −1 | 1 | −1 | −1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | −1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | −1 | −1 | −1 | 1 | −1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | −1 | −1 | −1 | −1 | −1 |
| 47 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | −1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | −1 | −1 | 1 | −1 | 1 | −1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | −1 | −1 | 1 | −1 | −1 | 1 | 1 | −1 | 1 | 1 | −1 | −1 |
| 53 | 1 | −1 | −1 | 1 | −1 | 1 | 1 | −1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | −1 | 1 | −1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | −1 | −1 | −1 | −1 | −1 | −1 | 1 | 1 | −1 | −1 | 1 | 1 | −1 |
| 59 | 1 | −1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | −1 | 1 | −1 | 1 | −1 | −1 | 1 | −1 | −1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | −1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | −1 | −1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | −1 |
| 61 | 1 | −1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | −1 | −1 | −1 | 1 | −1 | −1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | −1 | −1 | 1 | 1 | −1 | 1 | −1 | −1 | 1 | −1 | 1 | −1 | −1 | −1 |
| 67 | 1 | −1 | −1 | 1 | −1 | 1 | −1 | −1 | 1 | 1 | −1 | −1 | −1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | −1 | 1 | −1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | −1 | −1 | 1 | −1 |
| 71 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | −1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | −1 | 1 | −1 | −1 | 1 | 1 | −1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | −1 | −1 | −1 | 1 | 1 | −1 | 1 | −1 | 1 | 1 |
| 73 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | −1 | 1 | −1 | 1 | 1 | −1 | −1 | 1 | −1 | −1 | −1 | 1 | −1 | 1 | 1 | −1 | −1 | −1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | −1 | 1 | −1 | −1 | −1 |
| 79 | 1 | 1 | −1 | 1 | 1 | −1 | −1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | −1 | 1 | −1 | −1 | 1 | −1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | −1 | 1 | 1 | −1 | −1 | −1 | −1 |
| 83 | 1 | −1 | 1 | 1 | −1 | −1 | 1 | −1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | −1 | −1 | −1 | 1 | 1 | −1 | −1 | −1 | 1 | −1 | 1 | −1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 89 | 1 | 1 | −1 | 1 | 1 | −1 | −1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | −1 | −1 | −1 | −1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | −1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | −1 | −1 | 1 | −1 | −1 | −1 | −1 | −1 |
| 97 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | −1 | 1 | −1 | 1 | 1 | −1 | 1 | 1 | −1 | −1 | −1 | 1 | −1 | 1 | −1 | −1 | −1 | 1 | −1 | 1 | 1 | −1 | 1 | −1 | −1 | −1 |
| 101 | 1 | −1 | −1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | −1 | −1 | 1 | −1 | −1 | −1 | 1 | 1 | −1 | 1 | 1 | −1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | −1 | −1 | −1 | −1 | 1 |
| 103 | 1 | 1 | −1 | 1 | −1 | −1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | −1 | −1 | −1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | −1 | −1 | −1 | 1 | −1 | 1 | 1 | −1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 107 | 1 | −1 | 1 | 1 | −1 | −1 | −1 | −1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | −1 | 1 | −1 | −1 | 1 | −1 | −1 | −1 | 1 | −1 | 1 | −1 | 1 | −1 | 1 | 1 |
| 109 | 1 | −1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | −1 | 1 | −1 | 1 | −1 | −1 | 1 | −1 | −1 | 1 | 1 | −1 | −1 | −1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | −1 | −1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | −1 |
| 113 | 1 | 1 | −1 | 1 | −1 | −1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | −1 | 1 | −1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | −1 | 1 | −1 | −1 | −1 | 1 | −1 | −1 | 1 | 1 | −1 | 1 | −1 | 1 |
| 127 | 1 | 1 | −1 | 1 | −1 | −1 | −1 | 1 | 1 | −1 | 1 | −1 | 1 | −1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | −1 | 1 | 1 | −1 | −1 | 1 | 1 | −1 | −1 | −1 | 1 |